In order to prevent theoretical biases from in flu encing scientific observations, research must be reported preciseli-using clear of all concepts-so that the findings. Hich occurs because of our to seek information that confirms our judgments. Thinking is also limited by in what we think we knov., Objective 2: Describe how o erconfidence contami nates our ci ervday judgments. Because it is tact usually wrong), this tendency makes a research findings seem like mere common sense.
The tendency to percei\ e an outcome that has occurred as heinu obvious and predictable is Lalled thr I his phenomenon is (rare common) in (hildren/adults both children and adults). An explanation using an integrated set of princi ples that organizes and predicts behaviors or Testable pre events is a dictions that allow a scientist to evaluate a theory These predic are calledġ. Objective 1: Define hindsight bias, and explain how it can make research findings seem like mere common seflSC.Ĩ. (hapter I l hinking Critically With Psychological Science Chapter 1 also explains how psychologists, using the scientific method, employ the research strategies of description, correlation, and experimentation in order to objectively describe, pre dict, and explain behavior, The next section discusses how statistical reason ing is used to heip psychologists describe data and to generalize from instances. Tude that Is: based on curiosity, skepticism, humi1ity and critical thinking. as well as the concept t ‘co ticance in tcstnrv difa ionce Pinally, von r 1cfodio -fnu upo &ri concerning populations and samples. Pay particular attention to the strengths and weaknesses of descriphve and correlational research In addition, make sure that x on understand the meThod of expernnentat on, especlallv the importance of control conditions and the ditference between independent and: depencfent variables. Chapter 1 introduces a number of concepts and issues that will play an important role in later chap ters. of several questions people often ask ahont psychology, includ ing why animal research is relevant, whether labora tory experiments are ethical, whether behavior varies with culture and gender, and whether psychology’s principles don’t have the potential for misuse.
Gists often rely on measures of central tendency such as the mean, median, and mode, as weh as variation measures soch as the range and standard deviation, Statistical reasoning also helps psychologists deter mine wn en it is safe to generalize from a sample to the iaraer populat on.Ĭhapter 1 concludes with a discussion. P-rocessesz To counteract otir human tendency toward tn Chapter 1 explains the fllOO sunse in reasoniog Thinking Critically With Psychological ScienceĬHAPTER OVERViEW b.
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